London badly needs more housing, but it also needs more parks, particularly where large new areas of high density housing are proposed. This is one of several pressing practical matters that appear to take second place to consideration of the beauty of the city's skyline - which is important too - when the question of tall buildings is discussed.
Here is a piece I wrote for the Architects' Journal on this subject, published in the 18 July 2014 issue.
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London’s ‘tall building problem’ is more to do with planning
and urban design than architecture; and for residential towers, but also for
office towers, the problem is more to do with density, plot ratio and
over-congestion of built form than it is to do with height per se. We want our city to look beautiful, but we
also need it to work in a civilised way, and for that we need public space as
well as buildings – public space that is not being delivered in most of the tall
building projects currently proposed.
In Marsh Wall / South Quay on the Isle of Dogs, there is
massive development pressure, and very dense and tall residential projects are
coming forward on a plot by plot basis, in the absence of any overall
plan. At Nine Elms, where there is
similar development frenzy, the problem is just as bad.
There are no clear overall masterplans for these areas, and
only the sketchiest of planning frameworks to guide even those who are minded
to take a collaborative approach. And
because proposals are coming forward concurrently, there is no mechanism for showing
what they will look like as a group of projects, let alone for assessing the
consequences. Designs for each site are
prepared on the basis of what may be vague or rapidly changing information, or
no information, about massive schemes on immediately adjacent sites.
It is the visual consequences of this lack of planning that
have attracted much of the attention. There has been less focus on the
practical problem of how public open space can be delivered within this
free-for-all. With fragmented ownerships
and competing interests, there is no mechanism for providing public space of
any substance. In areas where very dense
developments with very tall buildings are proposed, the provision of
significant, usable open space should be part of the package.
At Nine Elms, development has come forward in the context of
a GLA framework which suggested a linear park - better than nothing, but not
really much more than a wide street. The
biggest open space will be around the new American Embassy, but that is predicated
on planning for terrorist attacks, not residential amenity.
Large and small open spaces are needed. The Olympic Park is a rare example of a major
new public space – if London was properly planned, new residential towers
should have been built around the park rather than along the benighted environment
of Stratford High Street.
The Royal Parks have in the past suggested a strategy for
controlling building heights that involves contours rising away from the parks,
in other words the further you are from the park the taller your building can
be. This is the wrong way round. A modern Nash would ring Regents Park with
towers, not terraces.
At a smaller scale, the Smithsons’ Economist complex in St
James remains an exemplar of how to arrange tall-ish buildings around an open
space. The Rockefeller Centre in New
York does the same thing on a massive scale, in a way that has hardly been
possible elsewhere in that city, let alone in the City of London. Canary Wharf is successful in this respect because
of the huge land area available and the gridded layout given by the docks
allowed a private sector developer to bring forward a rational plan – the large
buildings are carefully arranged and the docks mitigate against a feeling of
overcrowding in a way that will not be matched in the City when the Eastern
cluster is built out.
Because of fragmented ownerships, open space cannot easily
be delivered by the private sector in Marsh Wall or Nine Elms - the area that
would be needed to provide proper open space is more than can generally be
found in one ownership.
There has been little positive spatial planning for tall
buildings in London since Canary Wharf was planned thirty years ago, other than
some rather hopeful suggestions that some sites in development areas might be
given over to open space, but without any explanation of why Greedico
Properties on one site should get to build a large tower while Muggins
Development Company on the adjacent site should dedicate their land to the park
to service it.
Today, there seems to be no public sector appetite for land
assembly or rationalisation even though legal measures exist. It needs a Development Corporation or a
similar mechanism – or in the spirit of
Tory ‘nudge’ theory, incentives for private owners to cooperate that are so
compelling that they cannot be ignored.
Many planning authorities in London see it as their job to
suppress the ambitions of developers to build tall. Once pre-application
discussions are under way, and in the absence of projects starting off under
the guidance of a positive plan, this sometimes has the perverse consequence of
spreading projects out across a site and reducing the amount of open space that
the developer had originally been prepared to offer, if allowed to build
tall. Clearer rules from the outset
could avoid this outcome.
But we should of course remember that Le Corbusier thought
that Manhattan had been developed in the wrong way – without adequate planning
– and that the towers should have been much bigger and spaced further
apart. The Manhattan that we got is lot
more palatable than the Manhattan he envisaged.
The issue is one of urban design – arguably not Corb’s forte.
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